Mast maps
From various countries.
Assessments
Why the number of stars?
Sändarkartan |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G CDMA |
| Power | Yes, dBm EIRP |
| Direction | Yes |
| Measurements | No |
|
On 4 January 2010, the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority took down its 'Transmitter Map'. Mobile providers had argued that the locations of the masts were trade secrets that should remain confidential. The Swedish Post and Telecom Authority then stopped collecting information about mobile phone masts, which removed the basis for the 'Transmitter Map'. Masts are part of the landscape, and the Land
Survey’s topographical map shows all masts and
towers. Before the advent of mobile telephony,
masts were rare, so it is reasonable to assume
that a mast shown on a map is a mobile phone mast.
In built-up areas, masts are not usually required
to support antennas as these can be mounted on
buildings. The map symbol for a mast is:
Mast |
|
Coverage maps |
|
Tele2 |
No masts |
Telenor |
No masts |
Telia |
No masts |
3 |
No masts |
Finnsenderen.no |
|
| Technologies | No |
| Providers | No |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | No and yes |
| Radiation calculator | Yes, W/m2 |
| Language | Norwegian |
|
Although Norway does not have a programme for taking measurements, it does have a radiation calculator. This is why both 'no' and 'yes' are listed under 'measurements'. The radiation calculator estimates radiation levels at a chosen location from mobile phone masts within a 1,500-metre radius. It is unclear whether terrain or buildings are taken into account. However, the selected height above ground level does affect radiation intensity. This is because the intensity of the radiation increases when the height is level with the antennas. Initially, the percentage of the limit value is displayed as parts per thousand for masts located within 1,500 metres. However, if you tap 'Avansert', you can increase the distance to 2,000 metres and change the height above ground level from the default of 1.8 metres. In cities, this can significantly impact radiation levels, as buildings block radiation from reaching the ground, while the top floor may have a clear line of sight to a mobile phone mast. Test this and allow for three metres per floor. In 'Avansert' mode, the radiation intensity is
displayed to five decimal places in watts per
square metre (W/m2). This level of
precision is sufficient to display radiation
levels as low as |
|
Mastedatabasen.dk |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, radio, TV, radio links, GSM-R etc. |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | Danish |
|
The map works best if you start by selecting all the options. Then click the 'Vis' button. Adresse: If no address is given, the whole of Denmark is assumed. This causes the map to load slowly if you then choose to view everything. 'Industrivej' is a good address to start. Tjenestetyper: The meaning of 'Teknologineutrale tilladelser' is unclear. 'Andre' refers to FM radio, digital TV (DVB-T) and the railway's GSM-R, for example. To view mobile phone masts only, select 'Mobiltelefoni'. Selecting “Alle” allows you to make detailed selections under “Teknologier”. Teknologier: If you selected 'Alle' under 'Tjenestyetyper', a wide range of options will be available and you can specify more precisely what you want to see. 'Radiokæde' means 'radio link', but none are displayed if this option is selected. 'Andre' only leads to a decommissioned long-wave and medium-wave radio mast (LW, MW). 'TV' refers to the decommissioned analogue TV network and no masts are displayed. 'DVB-T' shows masts for digital TV. 'Landmobile radiotjeneste' returns no results. According to Duck.ai, 'TK' is supposed to mean 'wireless network', but nothing is shown on the map. Despite there being alternatives that show nothing, there are still plenty of mobile phone masts. Instead of 2G, 3G and 4G, the technical terms GSM, UMTS and LTE are used, respectively. 5G is referred to as 5G-NR. The technology and frequency used in each mast are shown. The frequency is indicated by an addition to the technical names GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G-NR. For example, LTE1800 means 4G on the 1800 MHz frequency. |
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Karten der Schweiz - Funksender |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, adaptive antennas, radio, TV, radio links |
| Providers | No |
| Power | Three power classes |
| Direction | Radio links only |
| Frequency | Mobile no, radio/TV yes/no (channel number), radio links frequency range (colour code) |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | German, French, Italian, English, Romansh. |
|
Adaptive antennas were first introduced with 5G technology. If this type of antenna is used in a mobile phone mast, this is indicated. The paths between radio links are shown, colour-coded by frequency. Mobile phone masts are named mobile phone base stations. Mobile phone masts and other radio frequency transmitters are shown on a detailed map of Switzerland alongside other topics. Click on 'Change topic/Thema wechseln' to access additional useful information for residents and tourists. These are all instructions needed because the Swiss mast map is the most user-friendly. Read more about Karten der Schweiz - Funksender and the assessment. |
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Cartoradio |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, radio, TV, radio links |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | Mobile phone masts and radio links |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | Yes, V/m |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | French, English |
|
There is an instructional video showing everything that Cartoradio.fr has to offer. “Cartoradio, comment ça marche? Le tutoriel video”. The video ‘Simulations d'exposition, comment ça marche ? Le tutoriel video’ explains the background to the nationwide simulation of radiation levels. This video is available on YouTube and can therefore be translated into any language. There is no need to fill in the address, postcode or town fields. Instead, you can select 'Sites radioélectriques' (masts), 'Mesures' (measurements) or 'Simulations' (simulations) directly. An English flag will then appear in the bottom left-hand corner. If you select English, the most important parts will be translated, but often not 'Faisceaux hertziens', which refers to radio link. Start with ‘Configurer l'affichage’ (Configure display) and select what you want to see. Once the map has been zoomed in sufficiently, mobile phone masts and antenna directions will appear. Everything is colour-coded by mobile network provider. The simulation shows estimated radiation levels, with the lowest reaching 0.4 volts per metre (V/m), equivalent to 424 microwatts per square metre (µW/m2). Therefore, the map showing the simulated levels does not indicate any areas with low radiation, even if such areas existed. It's an ambitious measurement programme, but unfortunately the results are given in volts per metre. Due to constant changes to mobile networks, measurements are time-sensitive. By default, only measurements no older than two years are displayed. It is possible to change this setting to view older measurements. 4G was rolled out between 2010 and 2015, and 5G launched in most European countries in 2020. |
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Volts per metre (V/m)
to
|
||||
| V/m | µW/m2 | V/m | µW/m2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 42 000 | 0,5 | 666 | |
| 3 | 24 000 | 0,25 | 167 | |
| 2 | 11 000 | 0,12 | 42 | |
| 1 | 3 000 | 0,06 | 10 | |
bipt Kadaster antennesites |
|
| Technologies | Mobile phone masts |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | Dutch, French, English |
|
The colourful map at the beginning does not show the intensity of radiation, but rather the number of mobile phone masts in a given area. Red indicates a high concentration of masts. Zooming in on the map makes individual masts visible. Clicking on them displays their exact location and the providers using them. |
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Cadastre des antennes
émettrices
|
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, adaptive antennas |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | Yes |
| Direction | Yes |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | French |
|
The link from en.vagbrytaren.se takes you directly to the mast map, and you can follow the instructions below. There are other maps and information on the same site. Before clicking on the button containing an 'i' inside a circle, the masts are displayed as blue dots. However, no information appears when you click on them. Once the 'i' has been selected, information is displayed on the right-hand side of the page. To find all the information about the mast, open ‘Antennes émettrices stationnaires’ and ‘Localisations des sites’. ‘Resumé du site’ refers to the mast's exact location; ‘Type d'implantation’ indicates whether the antennas are mounted on a dedicated mast, water tower, church, power line pylon, building or is an indoor microcell. ‘Avis a priori’ opens a PDF document containing all the information that the provider has provided to the authorities. This includes frequency, antenna direction and whether it is an adaptive antenna (beamforming). Rather than using the terms 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G, the terms GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR are used instead. The circles with the mast at the centre show the distances outdoors and indoors, respectively, within which the limit values may be exceeded. There are also many points around the mast showing the measured radiation level in volts per metre and relative to the limit value. The masts are plotted on a map of Wallonia, alongside a wealth of other information. If you have lost the mast map but are still on the website, begin by selecting ‘Thèmes’ on the left-hand side of the page. Select 'L'industrie et les activités' and 'Cadastre des antennes émettrices stationnaires de Wallonie'. Next to 'Thèmes' is the 'Tables des matières' tab, where you should select both 'Antennes émettrices stationnaires' and 'Localisation des sites'. Read more about Cadastre des antennes émettrices stationnaires de Wallonie and the assessment. |
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Volts per metre (V/m)
to
|
||||
| V/m | µW/m2 | V/m | µW/m2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 42 000 | 0,5 | 666 | |
| 3 | 24 000 | 0,25 | 167 | |
| 2 | 11 000 | 0,12 | 42 | |
| 1 | 3 000 | 0,06 | 10 | |
Zendantenneskaart |
|
| Technologies | Mobile phone masts |
| Power | Yes |
| Direction | Yes |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | Dutch |
|
The map of Flanders is covered in circles, each showing the number of masts within it. You can zoom in on the map by double-clicking or scrolling with the mouse wheel to see more details. Clicking on a circle will display all the mast designations in the panel on the right. Clicking on a designation displays the provider and address. Further down is a 'Download' link that will take you to a PDF document containing all the technical details about the installation. The PDF document contains two maps showing a mast surrounded by coloured 'bubbles'. These indicate areas where the radiation intensity may exceed limit values in places that are not normally accessed by people, such as rooftops. The map labelled 'Horizontal stralingspatroon (cumulatieve norm)' shows the risk zone calculated based on the combined limit for all transmitters. The map labelled 'Horizontaal stralingspatroon (norm per operator)' shows the risk zone calculated based on the limit for individual transmitters. The combined limit for all transmitters is 2,500,000 microwatts per square metre. The limit for individual transmitters is 500,000 microwatts per square metre. The Zendantenneskaart is not mobile-friendly. |
|
Antennes émettrices |
|
| Technologies | Mobile phone masts FM-radio |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | Yes |
| Direction | Yes |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No and yes |
| Language | French, Dutch |
|
A green dot indicates a transmitter in operation with a power output of over 5 watts. In practice, this is usually a mobile phone mast with the permit 'Permis 1D octroyés'. A yellow dot indicates that a licence has been applied for. A red square indicates an FM radio station, listed in the information as 'Broadcast_' followed by the station's name. A blue triangle indicates a transmitter with a power output of less than 5 watts ('Permis 1C octroyés'), which may be a mobile phone mast located indoors. You can search by address; Rue de Trèves 3 is the entrance to the EU area. Clicking on a mast displays the provider’s name and links to further information on the right-hand side of the page. ‘Cliquez ici pour obtenir le permis d'environnement’ links to a PDF document in which you will find the transmitter power in dBm, the antenna gain in dBi, and the compass bearing in degrees (azimuth). ‘Cliquez ici pour accéder à la vue 3D des simulations ainsi paramètres techniques des antennes’ displays a three-dimensional simulation of the radiation pattern around the mast. You may need to deselect 'Carte au sol' to display the 'beams' in front of the antenna. Clicking on the 'beams' showing the direction of radiation from the antennas displays the system, power and antenna gain. ‘Accès aux diagrammes’ leads to detailed radiation patterns for the antennas. The 3D simulation offers several options for displaying the radiation. 'Carte au sol' means at ground level; 'Carte façade outdoor' means on the exterior of the building; 'Carte façade indoor' means in the interior of the building; and 'Terrasses' means on the terraces. The 3D simulation corresponds to some extent to Norway's radiation calculator. The indoor limit is lower than the outdoor limit: up to 499,200 microwatts per square metre (µW/m2), compared to up to 1,253,900 µW/m2 outdoors. In the 3D simulation, radiation level limits are expressed in volts per metre (V/m) and represent the total radiation from various frequencies, converted to the equivalent level for 900 megahertz (MHz). The lowest level (0–2.6 V/m) corresponds to 17,900 µW/m2, while 9.19 V/m is equivalent to 224,300 µW/m2, which is the indoor limit at 900 MHz. ZNAP stands for 'Zone Non Accessible au Public' and indicates that the limit has been exceeded. Please note that the ZNAP level is lower when 'Carte façade indoor' is selected, as the indoor limit is lower. The explanatory labels for indoor levels above ZNAP are not displayed. The image itself does not change. |
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Antenneregister |
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| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G radio, TV, radio links, amateur radio, other/GSM-R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Providers | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power | Yes, dBW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direction | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frequency | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Measurements | Yes, W/m2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Radiation calculator | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Dutch | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Visitors will first see the measurement points, which are shown as yellow squares. The numbers inside the squares show how many measurements each square represents. Zoom in on the map to view the individual measurements and masts. Some measurements simply show the total radiation intensity, while others are broken down by frequency. A third type merely ensures that the limit values are not exceeded. The date on which the measurement was taken is important because 4G was rolled out between 2010 and 2015, while 5G was launched in most European countries in 2020. Translation The transmitter power is stated only as dBW (decibel-watts) without the ERP suffix. The difference between dBW and dBW ERP is that dBW ERP is much higher and can be used to calculate how strong the radiation might be at various distances around the mast. However, dBW must first be converted to watts. Read more about Antenneregister and the assessment.
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EMF Karte |
|
| Technologies | Mobile phone masts, amateur radio |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | Yes |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | Yes, per cent of limit value |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | German |
|
For some masts, the technical information is missing for unknown reasons. The map shows mobile phone masts at a distance scale of 1 km. The information displayed for each mast varies from none at all to the vertical and horizontal distances at which the limit value is exceeded. Measurements are carried out and the results are presented as a percentage of the limit values, as well as in bar charts. In these charts, the radiation level is shown in orange and the distance to the limit value is shown in green. Since one percent of the limit value can correspond to up to 0.1 watts per square metre (100,000 microwatts per square metre), the entire bar is always green, except for an orange strip at the bottom. The percentage provides more detailed and
accurate information when expressed to five
decimal places. For example, 0.00207 per cent
corresponds to a maximum of 207 microwatts per
square metre (µW/m2). The figures 'Bedingung (1+2)' refer to the frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz. 'Bedingung (3+4)' refers to radio frequency radiation within the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range, i.e. wireless technology and the right-hand bar in the diagram. Check the date when the measurement was taken. 4G was rolled out between 2010 and 2015, and 5G was launched in most European countries in 2020. |
|
infoantenas |
|
| Technologies | Mobilmaster |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | Yes |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | No and yes*, µW/cm2 |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | Spanish |
|
The map only shows 'Estación de Telefonía móvil', i.e. mobile phone masts. These are displayed at the highest and darkest levels on the zoom slider on the left. Initially, moving the zoom slider to the dark area will take you directly to Madrid. Use the panning buttons above the zoom slider or the mouse to pan. The location of the masts on the map is not exact. The mast providers and address are displayed immediately when you click on a mast. After clicking on 'Detalle Ver' (View details), information on frequency, direction and readings in microwatts per square centimetre (µW/cm2) is displayed. *There is no measurement programme. The measured
values are presumably the provider’s checks to
ensure that the limit values are not exceeded in
areas closest to the mast that are accessible to
the public. However, no description is provided.
To convert microwatts per square centimetre (µW/cm2)
to microwatts per square metre (µW/m2),
multiply by 10,000. Translation |
|
senderkataster.at |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, radio, TV |
| Providers | No |
| Power | Yes, W and W ERP |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | Yes, W/m2 |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | German |
|
The map of Austria is covered in circles, each showing the number of masts within it. Click on the circles or double-click on the map to zoom in and view the masts, or scroll with the mouse wheel. Blue dots represent mobile phone masts, purple dots represent radio and TV masts, and light blue dots represent measurement points. ‘Trägerstruktur’ describes how the antennas are mounted. 'Dach' means 'roof', 'Mast' means 'mast', and 'Fremdmast' can refer to a power line pole or another type of mast whose primary purpose is not to support antennas. The power output of mobile service transmitters is specified in watts (W), whereas the power output of radio and TV transmitters is specified in watts ERP. The two methods of specifying transmitter power are not comparable because the power in watts is always lower than, or much lower than, the power in watts ERP for the same transmitter. Mixing these two methods without explanation, as has been done on Senderkataster.at, is misleading. Measurements were taken in five rounds in 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017 and 2022. By 2017, 4G had been introduced, and 5G had been introduced by 2022. Although the Senderkaster.at website only reports on mobile communications, radio and TV were also measured. The report 'Mobilfunk – Messreihen' provides a total radio frequency radiation reading, enabling correct comparison of radio/TV and mobile service radiation at ground level. 'Mobilfunk – Messreihen' also provides background information and details of the technology. Read more about senderkataster.at, the assessment, watt and watt ERP. |
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AntennaSearch
|
|
| Technologies | Registered masts and antennas. |
| Providers | Probably |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | English |
|
Antennasearch Clicking on a marker will reveal further information in the list on the left-hand side of the screen. The owner is always listed, and if they are a mobile network provider, you can asume that the mast probably is a mobile phone mast. The three largest mobile network providers in the US are Verizon, T-Mobile and AT&T. There are also a number of local providers in individual states. The location of each antenna is marked on an aerial photograph. Apple provides Antennasearch with the maps and images. scadacore.com Read more about AntennaSearch, scadacore.com and the assessment. |
|
Sitefinder |
|
| Technologies | GSM900 GSM1800 3G, TETRA, GSM-R |
| Providers | Yes, dBW EIRP |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | Yes |
| Measurements | Yes |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | English |
|
The Sitefinder map was last updated in May 2012, after all providers ceased cooperating with Ofcom. At that time, it contained details of 144,317 base stations, which were distributed across an unknown number of mobile phone masts. The data set with the 144,317 base stations is free to use. |
|
Siteviewer |
|
| Technologies | 2G 3G 4G 5G, radio links |
| Providers | Yes |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No, but indicated in the measurement reports |
| Measurements | Yes, V/m |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | English |
|
The circles show the number of masts within each circle. Click on the circles or zoom in on the map to display blue symbols for the masts and green ones for the measurement points. Instead of 2G, 3G and 4G, the technical terms GSM, UMTS and LTE are used. 5G is not called 5G or 5G-NR, but simply NR. You can find the exact location of the masts, specified in the Irish grid reference system and as latitude and longitude. Items to be displayed can be selected from the menu in the top right-hand corner. Measurement points must be found on the map and cannot be selected. If you have chosen to view radio links, also known as fixed links, the narrow link path to the other radio link with which communication is being established is displayed, but only after you have opened and closed the window containing the detailed information. The compass heading in degrees is never displayed. The measurement programme reports field strength in volts per metre (V/m), both as a total and broken down by frequency for each technology. |
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Volts per metre (V/m)
to
|
||||
| V/m | µW/m2 | V/m | µW/m2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 42 000 | 0,5 | 666 | |
| 3 | 24 000 | 0,25 | 167 | |
| 2 | 11 000 | 0,12 | 42 | |
| 1 | 3 000 | 0,06 | 10 | |
RFNSA |
|
| Technologies | 3G 4G 4G+ 4GX 5G, IBC* |
| Power | No |
| Direction | No |
| Frequency | No |
| Measurements | No |
| Radiation calculator | No |
| Language | English |
|
*IBC stnads for In-Building Coverage. Click on the seven-digit number at the top of the information panel to display the frequencies. All other masts on the map will disappear at the same time. Tick the 'Nearby sites' check box to make them reappear. Details about a mast may also include an 'ARPANSA EME Report', which provides a theoretical calculation of the radiation around the mast. You can enter your email address for each mast to receive a notification if anything changes. The map is managed by the Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association (AMTA), which represents Australia's three mobile network providers. Read more about Radio Frequency National Site Archive (RFNSA) and the assessment. |
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Microwave meter
To be on the safe side, you might need a microwave meter.
Assessments
The number of stars is not determined by fixed rules. It is based on an assessment of content and user-friendliness.
Radiation
In Sweden, radio frequency radiation from mobile phone masts is classified as an environmentally hazardous activity,1 and one of the main purposes of mast maps is to show where such activities take place. The further away you are from a mast, the less radiation you will receive, and if the mast is obscured by buildings or hills, the radiation will be reduced even further.
The mobile network providers using the mast
The further away you are from the mast or the more obstructed the view of it, the stronger your mobile phone's signal will be. However, the mobile phone mast that you can see may not be the 'right' one. Not all providers use all masts, so your mobile network provider must either use this mast or the nearest one to ensure the best possible connection and minimise radiation from your mobile phone.
How the mobile phone’s transmission power is regulated is described on the page about EMF protection phone cases
The direction of the antennas
A mobile phone mast typically has three antennas that, together, provide all-directional coverage. However, radiation is strongest in the direction that an antenna is pointing.
How the radiation from an antenna is propagated is shown in a schematic diagram on pages 16–17 of the conformiteitsattest for the mast/church tower at Dorpsstraat 47, 8840 Staden in Flanders. Take a look at the map of mobile phone masts in Flanders.
Frequency
The lower the frequency, the further the signal can travel and the larger the area that can be covered by a mobile phone mast. While certain technologies were once restricted to specific frequency bands, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G can now be used across the entire spectrum. However, 5G with adaptive antennas, which can increase radiation intensity by up to tenfold in the direction of the mobile phone, has only appeared in the 3,500 MHz frequency band so far. Switzerland specifies when such antennas are used.
Measurement programme and radiation calculator
Measurements are time-sensitive, as mobile networks are constantly being upgraded and adapted to new technologies and frequency bands.
As it is not possible to take measurements everywhere, measurements are of limited use when it comes to determining radiation levels at a specific location. In such cases, a radiation calculator like the Norwegian model is far more effective, even though the calculation is theoretical.
If the calculation can show variations in levels that are meaningful even in rural areas, it has been assessed as positive. A meaningful minimum level for measurements and calculations is up to 10 microwatts per square metre (µW/m2). BioInitiative.org, however, recommends a limit of 3–6 µW/m2.
For the sake of objectivity and as a point of reference, it is important to have official, meaningful measurements. These measurements also suggest that the country’s authorities and politicians have shown a certain degree of interest in the health of the population.
Miscellaneous
Since most people are more likely to use a mobile phone than a computer, it is positive that the map is usable on mobile devices. The map has been deemed mobile-friendly if all content can be viewed on both an iPhone SE running iOS 15.8.5 and a Motorola e20 running Android 11 and Chrome 90.0.4430.210.
Reviews
Norway
Finnsenderen.no
The Norwegian Radiation Calculator essentially replaces all other information except for network providers and the location of the masts. It is unclear whether it takes buildings and terrain into account, but the height of the antennas above ground level is included. Select a location next to a mast, choose ‘Avansert’ and increase the ‘Høyde over bakken’ setting to find the intensity of the radiation on the top floor of a nearby buildning.
Quick and easy access to the most important information: the radiation level at a given location. Unfortunately, however, the masts are not shown. While the maximum radius of 2 km is sufficient for urban areas, it is not for rural areas. Since this page was created in 2020, the available information has been limited. It does not show the masts, the technologies used, the providers or the frequency ranges included in the calculated radiation value. A lot is missing. Nevertheless, the radiation calculator displays values as low as 10 microwatts per square metre, making it a fantastic tool for finding a low radiation home or hotel. However, Finnsenderen.no is given a 2-star rating due to what is omitted. The map is optimised for mobile phones.
Using Google Maps Street View, you can identify all the masts visible from a car roof. Find a mast and locate it on Google Maps. Right-click on a location next to the mast and a range of options will appear. Click on 'Longitude and Latitude' to copy the values, then paste them into the address bar on Finnsenderen.no. Try the Havila Hotel in Geiranger, a popular tourist destination, which has a mobile phone mast on its roof.
The method requires a fair bit of work, but it provides the most important information about a place where you are planning to live or stay.
Denmark
Mastedatabasen.dk
This is a map that needs an overhaul, but it is now working much faster than before. Sometimes, the choice of technologies means that nothing appears on the map. These omissions raise questions about how the update works. The detailed instructions on how to use the map to ensure it runs smoothly result in a two-star rating. The content itself warrants 3 stars. The map is not optimised for mobile phones.
Switzerland
Karten der Schweiz - Funksender
Thanks to its ease of use, it is a very informative map. Simply select what you want to display from the menu on the left, then click on the corresponding symbol on the map. The map is so easy to use that you have to take a step back before realising what's missing. There is no frequency information for mobile phone masts or details of the direction of the antennas. There is also no measurement programme. 4 stars, but it would definitely be 5 if there were a radiation calculator or measurement programme. The map is optimised for mobile phones.
France
Cartoradio
Everything is easily accessible via the map. The lack of data on transmitter power is offset by an extensive monitoring programme. In central Paris, there appear to be more measuring points than mobile phone masts. The oldest measurements we found were from 2002 and 2007. A lot may have happened since then, and the map only shows measurements that are no more than two years old by default. Repeated measurements have been carried out in many places up to the present day. It's a country of order and organisation. Some call it bureaucracy.
The nationwide simulation of radiation levels is a
disappointment. The three lowest levels cover anything below
11,000 microwatts per square metre, meaning mobile phone
masts are usually invisible. When the antennas are located
at the top of a tall mast, radiation levels at ground level
do not always exceed 11,000 microwatts per square metre.
Even when radiation is at its highest around a mast, the
colour does not differ greatly from dark violet, which
indicates the lowest level. This makes it appear as though
radiation is almost equally high everywhere. The exception
is in cities, where green patches can indicate extreme
levels of up to 382,000 microwatts per square metre (12
V/m).
If the levels were divided more fairly, Cartoradio would be given 5 stars. As it is, the simulation is misleading, so the rating is reduced to 4 stars. The map has been optimised for mobile phones.
Belgium
bipt Kadaster antennesites
In 2010, Belgium’s Supreme Court ruled that the antenna register and related regulations were an environmental matter to be handled by the Walloon, Flemish and Brussels regions. Subsequently, the Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (bipt), which manages the register, ceased updating it but didn't take the website off line.
However, an updated map is now available in Dutch, French and English. It only shows the exact locations of mobile phone masts and the providers that use them. Its ease of use earns it 3 stars. The map does not work on mobile phones.
Wallonia
Cadastre des antennes émettrices
stationnaires de Wallonie
You can’t click on a mobile phone mast as soon as it appears on the map. First, you have to click on the 'i' button in the menu, which is confusing, but this is because the map can display a wide range of facts about Wallonia’s physical environment and has features unrelated to mobile phone masts. After a couple of clicks, you can access all the technical information about the base station, including the direction of the antennas. Unfortunately, this information is only available as a PDF document. Three stars because all the essential information is still there. The map does not work on a mobile phone.
Flanders
Zendantenneskaart
Although it's easier to find the information than on the Walloon map, you have to look in PDF documents for the details. 3 stars because all the essential information is still there. The map doesn't work on a mobile phone.
Brussels
Antennes émettrices
By Christmas 2020, the map was not fully functional. Although it showed the mobile phone masts, there was no connection to the database containing further information. This issue has now been resolved after several years.
The link 'Quelles sont les normes?' contains the complete rationale and decisions behind Brussels' slightly lower limit values compared to those recommended by the European Union.
It seems that Brussels has played a more prominent role in the debate on lower limit values than the reduction itself warrants. This may be because the presence of the EU administration in the city means that its politicians and officials have first-hand experience of the fact that lower limit values do not necessarily result in poorer performance of the mobile network. Therefore, it is of interest to the general public to see how the issue is being handled in the Brussels region.
The ambition behind the map and radiation simulation around the masts is admirable, but visitors need to put in a lot of effort to access and fully understand the information. For this reason, the description of the Brussels mast map is rather lengthy.
Antennes émettrices receives 3 stars rather than 4. The map is not fully mobile-friendly.
The Netherlands
Antenneregister
The map starts by showing what appear to be mobile phone masts, but these are actually symbols for measuring points. When the distance scale on the map is set to 6 km, the mobile phone masts become visible, completing the information, although this requires some knowledge to understand. Microwave links are also included and are referred to as 'vaste verbinding' in Dutch. 3 stars. The map is optimised for mobile phones.
Germany
EMF Karte
The zoom level at which the masts are supposed to start appearing is set to 500 metres. However, when you zoom in, the masts and measurement points are already visible at a zoom level of 1 kilometre, covering a small town and its surroundings. This is a pleasant surprise.
Clicking on a grey measurement point opens a new window with the measurement results. The measurements, which began in the early 2000s, seem to be progressing very slowly.
But what do 'Bedingung (1+2)' and 'Bedingung (3+4)' mean? The links 'Bed.1+2' and 'Bed.3+4' do not work. In short, strict adherence to how the limit values are formulated is key. Clicking on the squares above the links reveals what the bar above in the diagram shows. You will then see that it is the right-hand bar and 'Bed.3+4' that represent modern wireless technology.
Finally, just for the curious, we cannot resist including working links to 'Bed.1+2' and 'Bed.3+4', even though they don't provide any meaningful information to the general public. Due to the non-functioning links and the pointlessly complicated background to the measurements, we give it 2 stars.
The map is partially mobile-optimised. It works with Chrome, but you cannot pan the map image with Safari on iOS 15 or 26.
Spain
infoantenas
A large screen is needed to display mobile phone masts in rural areas, due to the zoom level required. On a standard-sized screen, the map covers an area 9 kilometres wide. If several providers share a mast, information and radiation levels are shown for each provider, which requires some calculation. The measurements only specify the direction and distance to the mast. Despite these ambiguities, it receives 3 stars.
The map is not mobile-friendly, but it works if you use a magnifying glass.
Austria
senderkataster.at
This is a map that neither frustrates nor excites the user. The information isn’t overwhelming, yet it’s easy to use as all transmitting masts, including radio and TV, are displayed without the need to make any selections. However, it provides misleading information about the transmitters' power, 'sendeleistung' in German.
The power of radio and TV transmitters is specified in
watts ERP (W ERP), while the power of mobile transmitters is
specified in watts (W) alone. Mobile transmitters also have
a watts ERP, which is 40–60 times higher than the power in
watts alone. It's like a light bulb, whose power is
specified in watts and which shines in almost all
directions. However, if you fit a reflector to concentrate
the light on certain areas, it becomes much brighter in
those areas. In this case, the lamp's ability to illuminate
these areas is specified as
Using the lower 'W' for mobile transmitters and the higher
'W ERP' for radio and TV transmitters is an attempt to make
mobile phone masts appear more favourable. However, the
measurement results on the map show only radiation generated
by mobile services, despite radio and TV also being
measured. All measurements, including radio and TV, are
reported in watts per square metre in the 'Mobilfunk
– Messreihen' series, enabling accurate comparisons to
be made with a little simple mathematics. Information that
cannot be compared is displayed on the map, while
information that can be compared is buried in a PDF
document. Senderkataster.at loses one star and
A link to further information about the surveys does not appear on iPhones or iPads. Otherwise, senderkataster.at is optimised for mobile devices.
United States
AntennaSearch
Unlike Scadacore.com, Antennasearch is functional and provides sufficient information to identify the transmitter in question. While it is impressive that there is a mast map covering the whole of the USA, one cannot be certain that all 50 states have a public register of mobile masts from which Antennasearch can retrieve data. Thanks to Antennasearch, the US gets one star.
scadacore.com
The website is mobile-friendly, but if you use an iPhone, you have to sign up for Apple Pay. Otherwise, you cannot access the mast map. We have not tested the sign-up process to see if it makes the map work.
United Kingdom
The last update was made in May 2012. This was after all mobile network providers had ended their voluntary collaboration. Did the story end there? No, the Sitefinder dataset is in the public domain. This is for anyone wishing to bring The Sitefinder Map back to life in its 2012 version. The dataset was released by Ofcom in March 2013 at the end of an extremely protracted legal battle for public release of the data under the Environmental Information Regulations.2
Ireland
Siteviewer
It is a simple and clear map, and the measurement programme is good, but there are a few too many omissions for a three-star rating. Also, the presentation of the measurements is not tailored to the general public. Indication of sub menus are missing. All detailed information is only visible after scrolling sideways far out to the right. Information about the direction of radio links is not immediately accessible, appearing only once the information window has been closed. This information is then displayed as a line between the two link masts. There is no explanation of the symbols and colours used. Here, you have to figure things out for yourself. These shortcomings in user-friendliness result in a 2-star rating instead of three. Siteviewer does not work on mobile phones.
Australia
Radio Frequency National Site Archive (RFNSA)
The map is maintained by the Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association (AMTA), the representative body for Australia's three main mobile network providers. It shows the locations of the masts and indicates whether the antenna is mounted on a lamppost or indoors. Notably, the mobile providers run the map, and safety instructions are provided for individuals working on roofs or in the vicinity of the antennas. Australia’s radiation safety authority also requires a theoretical calculation of radiation intensity around each mast to be presented on a map (ARPANSA Environmental EME report). The RFNSA mast map gets 3 stars. However, after viewing details of a mast, you have to select 'Nearby sites' each time to view other masts. As it is managed by the mobile network providers, the RFNSA mast map is mobile-friendly.
More explanations
W/m2, watt per square meter
This is the power transmitted by the radio frequency radiation, such as that emitted by mobile phones and masts, calculated per square metre. Multiply this figure by 1,000,000 to convert it to microwatts per square metre (µW/m2).
%, per cent of the limit value
Harmful heating occurs when the energy content of radio frequency radiation (radio waves) becomes too high, and the limit values provide protection against this. The body also acts as a receiving antenna, becoming more effective at lower frequencies. The limit values are adjusted to account for this. Therefore, the limit value is 2 W/m2 at 400 MHz, increasing to 10 W/m2 at 2,000 MHz and above. Calculate either the percentage or per mille of a limit value of 7,500,000 µW/m2 or use the table below to get a rough estimate.
Per cent to µW/m2 |
||||
| Per cent % | Per mille ‰ | µW/m2 | ||
| 1 | 10 | |
75000 | |
| 0,1 | 1 | |
7500 | |
| 0,01 | 0 | ,1 | 750 | |
| 0,001 | 0 | ,01 | 75 | |
| 0,0001 | 0 | ,001 | 7 | ,5 |
V/m, volts per meter
Volts per metre is the strength of the electric field in electromagnetic waves. Use the table below to convert to µW/m2.
Volts per metre (V/m) to
|
||||
| V/m | µW/m2 | V/m | µW/m2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 42 000 | 0,5 | 666 | |
| 3 | 24 000 | 0,25 | 167 | |
| 2 | 11 000 | 0,12 | 42 | |
| 1 | 3 000 | 0,06 | 10 | |
Explanations
- Mobile phone mast
- A mast that supports antennas for mobile communications, which has also come to be used as a term for a base station.
- Antenna
- The antenna on a mobile phone mast emits and receives radiation to and from the mobile phone.
- Base station
- The base station is the other end of the wireless connection between a mobile phone and the network of mobile phone masts. It transmits and receives data as radio frequency radiation from and to the antenna.
- Radiation
- Radio frequency radiation is commonly referred to as radio waves or microwaves. These are waves of electric and magnetic forces that transmit energy wirelessly.
- 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, etc
- These abbreviations refer to the various configurations and modulations of microwaves that comprise the transmitted radiation and data.
- 5G, 5G-NR, 5G-SA
- NR stands for 'new radio', referring to wireless communication between base stations and mobile phones. Consequently, '5G-NR' and '5G' are equal. SA stands for 'stand alone' and refers to a new network that connects base stations. It is like high-speed rail for high-speed trains.
- Adaptive antenna
- An antenna that can boost the radiation in the direction of a mobile phone.
- Frequency
- The rate at which radio waves or microwaves are emitted per second.
- Radio link
- A narrow beam of microwaves used for communication between two fixed points.
- Power
- Power indicates how strong the transmitter’s radio frequency radiation is. This can be expressed in watts, which is the power delivered to the antenna, or in watts ERP (effective radiated power), which takes the antenna's function into account and is much higher. ERP is comparable to placing a reflector on a lamp to concentrate the light into a beam, thereby making the lamp more powerful in that direction.
- Direction
- The compass direction in which the microwaves are mainly emitted from the antennas on the mast. 0° is north, 90° is east, 180° is south, and 270° is west. 360° or 0–359° refers to all horizontal directions.
Footnotes
- Miljöbalk (1998:808), 1 kap. 1 § och 9 kap. 1 § 3;
Miljööverdomstolens dom M 7485-4.
The key passage in the Environmental Court of Appeal's judgment reads as follows: 'According to findings from animal experiments, radiation of the type emitted by mobile phone masts — radio waves or non-ionising radiation — can cause behavioural changes and disrupt various bodily functions in animals.' (Our translation) - Edinburgh Datashare, The University of Edinburgh, Sitefinder Mobile Phone Base Station Database, https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/1975; https://datashare.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/2626?show=full